Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi zikawoyela zasolwandle emhlabeni jikelele

Endaweni enkulu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ulwandle aluyona nje isiqalo sempilo, kodwa futhi luwumzila obalulekile wokuthutha umnotho womhlaba namandla. Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo samandla omhlaba, ikakhulukazi isimo sikawoyela esingenakushintshwa njengegazi lemboni, ukuthuthukiswa kwamapayipi kawoyela wasolwandle, njengemishini ebalulekile exhumanisa ukukhishwa kukawoyela ogwini lolwandle, ezokuthutha kanye nokucutshungulwa komhlaba, akubonanga nje ukukhuphuka kobuchwepheshe bomuntu. , kodwa futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu ezinguqukweni zephethini yamandla omhlaba. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlola i-trajectory yentuthuko, ukusungulwa okusha kwezobuchwepheshe, izinselele kanye nezitayela zesikhathi esizayo zamapayipi kawoyela wasolwandle emhlabeni.

1. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamapayipi kawoyela wasolwandle

Umlando weamapayipi amafutha olwandleingalandelelwa emuva maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokuhlola uwoyela olwandle, ipayipi lendabuko eliqinile lalingeke lisakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezindawo zasolwandle eziyinkimbinkimbi nezishintshashintshayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ipayipi elithambile, elingagqwali, elibekeka kalula futhi ligcinwa lisesimweni esihle futhi ngokushesha laba yingxenye ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa kwendawo kawoyela olwandle kanye negesi. Ekuqaleni, la mapayipi ayesetshenziswa kakhulu emanzini angashoni, kodwa ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza, angena kancane kancane olwandle izinkulungwane zamamitha ukujula futhi aba “umzila wokuphila” oxhumanisa imithombo kawoyela engaphansi kolwandle nesitoreji sokukhiqiza esintantayo. kanye namayunithi okulayishwayo (FPSO) noma amatheminali asemhlabeni.

2. Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezinto ezibonakalayo

Ukuncintisana okuwumongo weamapayipi amafutha olwandleilele ekukhetheni kwabo impahla kanye nokuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe. Amapayipi akudala ayesebenzisa irabha noma irabha yokwenziwa njengolwelwesi lwangaphakathi lokumelana nokugqwala nokuguga kwemikhiqizo kawoyela. Kodwa-ke, ngemvelo yokusetshenziswa ekhulayo, ikakhulukazi izimo ezimbi kakhulu ezifana nomfutho ophakeme wolwandle olujulile, izinga lokushisa eliphansi, nosawoti ophezulu, izinto zendabuko azisakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo. Ngakho-ke, uchungechunge lwezinto ezintsha ze-polymer ezifana ne-polyurethane, i-fluororubber, ama-thermoplastic elastomers, njll. Lezi zinto azigcini nje ngokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye nezindawo zokulwa nokuguga, kodwa futhi zingagcina izakhiwo ezinzile ngokomzimba ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okuthwala ingcindezi nokumelana nokukhathala kwe-hose, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo esinezingqimba eziningi sekuyinto evamile. Lo mklamo uhlela izinto ezinezakhiwo ezihlukene ngokulandelana okuthile ukuze zakhe isakhiwo esinezingqimba eziningi. Isendlalelo ngasinye sinomsebenzi othize, njengokuthi ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lunesibopho sokuhlukanisa imikhiqizo kawoyela, isendlalelo sokuqinisa sinikeza ukwesekwa kwamandla, kanti umgodla wangaphandle uvikela ipayipi ekugugulekeni yimvelo yasolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bokuxhuma okuthuthukisiwe kanye nomklamo wokubeka uphawu kuye kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza okuphelele nokuthembeka kwe-hose.

3. Izinselele nezisombululo

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bepayipi likawoyela wasolwandle buye benza inqubekelaphambili enkulu, zisabhekene nezinselelo eziningi ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo. Okokuqala, inkimbinkimbi nokushintshashintsha kwendawo ejulile yolwandle kubeka izidingo eziphakeme kakhulu ekwakhiweni, ekukhiqizweni nasekufakweni kwamapayipi. Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside nokuzinzile kwamapayipi ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu kuyinkinga enkulu abacwaningi okudingeka bayinqobe. Okwesibili, ngokwanda kokuqwashisa ngemvelo, izidingo eziphakeme zibekwe phezu kobungani bemvelo, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokubola kwezinto zepayipi. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza ze-hose ezinobungani bemvelo kuye kwaba isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Ukubhekana nalezi zinselelo, imboni ithathe uchungechunge lwezinyathelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqinisa ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuhwebelana, ukwabelana ngezimpumelelo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezifundo ezifundiwe, futhi ikhuthaze ukwakhiwa nokwenza ngcono amazinga emboni; ngakolunye uhlangothi, yandisa utshalomali lwe-R&D, ihlola ngokuqhubekayo ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha, izinqubo ezintsha nobuchwepheshe obusha, futhi ithuthukisa ukusebenza okuphelele nokuncintisana kwamapayipi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, igxile ekuhlanganisweni kwemiqondo yokuvikelwa kwemvelo futhi ikhuthaza ukuguqulwa okuluhlaza kwemikhiqizo ye-hose.

IV. Amathrendi Nentuthuko Yesikhathi esizayo

Uma sibheka phambili, ukuthuthukiswa kweamapayipi amafutha olwandleizobonisa izitayela ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, izoqhubekela emanzini ajulile nakude kakhulu. Ngokujula okuqhubekayo kokuhlolwa nokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo kawoyela olwandle kanye negesi, ubuchwepheshe bamapayipi buzoqhubeka nokuthuthuka ukuze buhlangabezane nezimo ezinzima kakhulu zokusebenzisa; okwesibili, izinga lobuhlakani kanye nedijithali lizothuthukiswa, futhi ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa, i-Intanethi Yezinto kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe, ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nesixwayiso sokuqala esihlakaniphile sesimo sokusebenza kwe-hose kuzofezeka; okwesithathu, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezinto ezithinta imvelo kuzokhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo ye-hose ngendlela eluhlaza futhi eqhubekayo; okwesine, ukukhiqizwa okujwayelekile kanye ne-modular kuzothuthukisa ukuklama, ukukhiqiza nokufakwa kahle kwamapayipi futhi kunciphise izindleko.

Njengenye yemishini ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemithombo kawoyela negesi yasolwandle, umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwamapayipi kawoyela wasolwandle awubonanga nje inqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe bomuntu kanye namathuba angapheli omoya wokuqamba, kodwa futhi umemezele isahluko esisha ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwamandla olwandle. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo koguquko lwamandla omhlaba kanye nokuthuthukiswa okunamandla komnotho wasolwandle, amapayipi kawoyela wasolwandle ngokuqinisekile azoletha indawo ebanzi yokuthuthukiswa kanye namathuba angenamkhawulo.

Njengomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu bomhlaba wonkeipayipi lamafutha olwandle, Zebungizoqhubeka nokusebenza kanzima ukuze ikhiqize imikhiqizo engcono futhi inikeze ulwazi olungcono lomsebenzisi kumakhasimende omhlaba.